When normal metals (NMs) are attached to topological insulators or superconductors, it is conceivable that the quantum states in these finite adjacent materials can intermix. In this case---and because NM usually does not possess same symmetry as material---it pertinent ask whether zero-energy edge layer affected by presence of NM. To address issue, we consider three prototype systems simulated...

An accurate forecast of a nonlinear system will require an accurate estimation of the initial state. It is shown that even under the ideal conditions of a perfect model and infinite past observations of a deterministic nonlinear system, uncertainty in the observations makes exact state estimation is impossible. Consistent with the noisy observations there is a set of states indistinguishable fr...

We construct two families of orthogonal product quantum states that cannot be exactly distinguished by local operation and classical communication (LOCC) in the quantum system of (2k+i) ⊗ (2l+j) (i, j ∈ {0, 1} and i ≥ j ) and (3k+i) ⊗ (3l+j) (i, j ∈ {0, 1, 2}). And we also give the tiling structure of these two families of quantum product states where the quantum states are unextendible in the ...